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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Ageing versus developmental silencing: Answers from the epigenome.

Kirsten C Sadler1, Mekayla A Storer2,3, N Sumru Bayin3,4

  • 1Program in Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYU Abu Dhabi, UAE.

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|August 12, 2025
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Young animals regenerate tissues better than older ones due to gene activation failures linked to epigenome changes. This study explores the loss of regenerative capacity across the lifespan.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Young organisms exhibit superior tissue repair and regeneration compared to older individuals.
  • Regenerative capacity declines with age, impacting various species from amphibians to mammals.
  • Ageing encompasses developmental transitions and late-life processes affecting repair mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the broad spectrum of ageing, including development, maturation, and senescence.
  • To investigate the underlying causes for the decline in regenerative potential across the lifespan.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for the loss of tissue repair capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of regenerative capacity across different age groups and species.
  • Investigation of gene activation patterns during tissue repair processes.
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications associated with age-related regenerative decline.

Main Results:

  • Loss of regenerative capacity is observed at different life stages, post-development or in later life.
  • Failure to activate essential regeneration genes significantly contributes to diminished repair.
  • Epigenome restructuring is identified as a key factor in the loss of regenerative potential.

Conclusions:

  • Regenerative capacity is intrinsically linked to an organism's age and developmental stage.
  • Age-related decline in regeneration is primarily due to impaired gene activation.
  • Epigenetic alterations play a crucial role in mediating the loss of regenerative ability with age.