Glaucoma-associated Optineurin mutations increase transcellular degradation of mitochondria in a vertebrate optic...

We previously described a process whereby mitochondria shed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons are transferred to and degraded by surrounding astrocytes in the optic nerve head of mice. Since the mitophagy receptor Optineurin (OPTN) is one of few large-effect glaucoma genes and axonal damage occurs at the optic nerve head in glaucoma, here we explored whether OPTN mutations perturb the transcellular degradation of mitochondria. Live imaging of Xenopus laevis optic nerves revealed that diverse human mutant but not wild-type OPTN increase stationary mitochondria and mitophagy machinery and their co-localization within, and in the case of the glaucoma-associated OPTN mutations also outside of, RGC axons. These extra-axonal mitochondria are degraded by astrocytes. Our studies demonstrate that expression of OPTN carrying a glaucoma-associated mutation results in increased transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria.