Soil nutrient enrichment in pastoral systems through shelterbelts

Shelterbelts along pasture boundaries are a natural, cost-effective, and sustainable solution to environmental challenges such as soil degradation and nutrient losses in New Zealand's pastoral systems. However, there's limited information on how shelterbelts affect nutrient dynamics in neighbouring pasture soils. Three field study sites, two dairy farms and one beef and sheep farm, consisting of the same soil type, were selected. Shelterbelts on the sites were composed of Pinus or Macrocarpa, or a mix of Macrocarpa and Willow. Soil samples were collected from each site, both with and without shelterbelts, at three transects for six distances (1 m, 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 40 m, 80 m) and two soil depths (0-7.5 cm and 7.5-15 cm) in late spring 2023. Shelterbelts on all four farms significantly affected soil nutrient distribution in the adjacent area. Soils within 10 m of shelterbelts had higher total and Olsen phosphorus levels by up to 65 % and 80 %, respectively; the total and nitrate nitrogen levels increased by up to 64 % relative to control (no shelterbelt) soils. Shelterbelts increased soil organic carbon by up to 75 %. The macrocarpa and willow combined shelterbelt deposited around 17 Mg more C in the area tested compared to the control. These findings indicate that the shelterbelt with grazed pastures enhances phosphorus and nitrogen availability within the immediate vicinity. The inclusion of diverse species can contribute to the accumulation of topsoil carbon. Future research should focus on comparing more diverse tree species and improved grazing practices within shelterbelts to enhance the sustainability of the grazing farming system.