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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Updated: Apr 10, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

NaviNIBS: a comprehensive and open-source software toolbox for neuronavigated noninvasive brain stimulation.

Christopher C Cline^1,2, Lily Forman^1,2, Winn Hartford^1,2

¹Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering

|August 12, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed NaviNIBS, an open-source software for image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This flexible tool enhances precision in noninvasive brain stimulation research by offering advanced features for target planning and real-time tracking.

Keywords:

TMS neuromodulation neuronavigation open source

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Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

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Published on: November 13, 2016

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Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Medical Engineering
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Image-guided neuronavigation is crucial for precise targeting in noninvasive brain stimulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Existing commercial neuronavigation systems often lack the flexibility and extensibility required for diverse research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce NaviNIBS, a novel open-source software designed to overcome limitations of current systems for neuronavigated noninvasive brain stimulation.
To provide researchers with a comprehensive and adaptable platform for advanced TMS experiments.

Main Methods:

Developed NaviNIBS software with functionalities for imaging data import, target planning, and head registration.
Integrated real-time tool tracking and compatibility with robotic positioning and electrophysiology systems.
Implemented flexible target specification, multiple hardware tracking options, and an extensible addon system.

Main Results:

Detailed the software architecture, core functionalities, and performance characterization of the tracking system.
Demonstrated example applications showcasing the capabilities of NaviNIBS in research settings.
The open-source nature facilitates community contribution and adaptation.

Conclusions:

NaviNIBS offers a flexible, extensible, and comprehensive solution for neuronavigated noninvasive brain stimulation research.
Sharing NaviNIBS aims to advance methodological improvements and enable novel experimental paradigms in the field.