Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the toxin diversity of the spider Macrothele bannaensis

Spider toxins are an important and abundant source of bioactive compounds and represent molecular candidates for the development of novel compounds for use in medicine and agriculture. Despite the vast diversity of spider species, only a small fraction of them have been studied in detail regarding venom chemistry. Macrothele bannaensis, a spider belonging to the family Macrotheleidae, is widely distributed in the Xishuangbanna region of Yunnan, China, and serves as an important natural enemy of agricultural pests. However, there is a lack of research on the composition of its venom. In this study, the venom composition of M. bannaensis was outlined for the first time through the joint analysis of venom gland transcriptomics and venom proteomics. A total of 65 toxin sequences were identified in the venom gland transcriptome, including 23 typical DRPs (Disulfide-rich peptides), which were categorized into 11 superfamilies based on the arrangement of cysteines. In addition, other proteins, such as CRISPs (cysteine-rich secretory proteins), acetylcholinesterase, and hyaluronidase, were also identified. Proteomic analysis identified 35 components, including 12 DRPs, 23 enzymes and other functional proteins. This study systematically elucidated the molecular diversity of toxins in M. bannaensis, providing an important resource for better understanding the biology of this spider and for the discovery of new therapeutic and agricultural compounds.