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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
4.1K
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

61.3K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
61.3K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

799
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing
08:51

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: March 15, 2019

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deepNGS navigator: exploring antibody NGS datasets using deep contrastive learning.

Homa MohammadiPeyhani1, Edith Lee1, Richard Bonneau1

  • 1Prescient Design, Genentech.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
|August 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

deepNGS Navigator uses AI to visualize and cluster B-cell receptor sequences, aiding in the analysis of antibody diversity and clonal families from large datasets.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • High-throughput sequencing generates vast B-cell receptor (BCR) datasets, necessitating efficient computational tools for analysis.
  • Identifying clonal families and related antibody sequences is crucial for understanding immune responses and antibody engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce deepNGS Navigator, a novel computational tool for analyzing and visualizing large-scale BCR sequence data.
  • To enable efficient detection and clustering of clonal families and related antibody sequences.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging language models and contrastive learning to transform antibody sequences into 2D representations.
  • Utilizing sequence embeddings for mutational pattern inference and trajectory analysis.
  • Developing a visualization tool for assessing dataset diversity and identifying sequence clusters.

Main Results:

  • deepNGS Navigator generates intuitive 2D maps that visualize BCR sequence diversity and enable clustering based on sequence similarity.
  • The tool facilitates the identification of clonal families and analysis of mutational patterns within projected sequence embeddings.
  • Demonstrated utility across diverse datasets, including synthetic libraries, ML-generated data, immunized llama sequences, human B-cell sequences, and in silico clonal lineages.

Conclusions:

  • deepNGS Navigator provides an effective method for exploring and analyzing large BCR sequence datasets.
  • The tool aids in identifying potentially beneficial or problematic antibody sequences by visualizing sequence properties and relationships.