Hyperoside mitigates amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity in HK-2 cells via bioenergetic and oxidative stress...

Amphotericin B (Amp-B/FZ), a first-line antifungal, is limited by dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of hyperoside (HP), a dietary flavonoid, against FZ-induced renal toxicity in human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of HP with mitophagy (PINK1/PARKIN) and antioxidant (Nrf2/HO-1) regulators, contrasting with FZ's preferential binding to mitochondrial complex I. FZ (30-60 µM) induced cytotoxicity (MTT/LDH), genotoxicity (comet assay), and bioenergetic disruption: ATP depletion (58%), mitochondrial complex I/III inhibition (42-67%), and PINK1/PARKIN dysregulation. FZ elevated reactive species (3.2-fold) and lipid peroxidation (2.8-fold) while suppressing catalase (64%) and superoxide dismutase (51%) activities. qPCR confirmed FZ-induced downregulation of NDUFS1, CYC1, CAT, and SOD2, alongside impaired Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling. Co-treatment with HP (20-40 µM) attenuated FZ toxicity, restoring ATP (1.8-fold), mitochondrial complex activities (35-49%), and antioxidant defenses (CAT:2.1-fold, SOD:1.7-fold). HP also normalized Nrf2/HO-1 expression and mitigated oxidative/genotoxic damage. These findings highlight HP's dual role in countering FZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, positioning it as a promising nephroprotective adjuvant. Further in vivo validation could advance HP's clinical application in reducing antifungal-associated renal injury.