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Related Concept Videos

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

148
Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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12-channel LAN wavelength-division multiplexer with low random phase errors.

Zixu Xu, Dongyue Sun, Jingyu Zhao

    Optics Express
    |August 13, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a 12-channel silicon nitride wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) with significantly reduced phase errors. This advancement enhances optical communication capacity and performance without calibration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is crucial for high-capacity optical communications.
    • Silicon nitride (SiN) offers advantages for photonic integrated circuits due to its low thermo-optic coefficient and transparency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a 12-channel WDM device on a silicon nitride platform.
    • To minimize random phase errors in Mach-Zehnder interferometers for improved device performance.
    • To showcase the potential of silicon nitride for advanced optical communication components.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 12-channel WDM using Mach-Zehnder interferometers on a 300 nm-thick silicon nitride platform.
    • Detailed analysis of phase error contributors within the interferometers.
    • Implementation of targeted structural optimizations to mitigate phase errors.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 70% reduction in random phase errors.
    • Demonstrated excellent device performance: -0.87 dB insertion loss, -17 dB crosstalk, and 2.3 nm 1-dB bandwidth.
    • Observed high fabrication tolerance (22 pm/nm) and excellent intra- and inter-chip reproducibility.
    • Estimated low temperature-dependent center wavelength shift (11 pm/K) due to silicon nitride's properties.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed silicon nitride WDM exhibits superior performance and reproducibility.
    • Structural optimizations effectively reduce phase errors, enhancing device functionality.
    • This work highlights silicon nitride as a promising material for high-capacity, passive optical communication devices.