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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

50.0K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
50.0K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum physics
    • Atomic physics
    • Nonlinear optics

    Background:

    • Spontaneous symmetry breaking and self-organized pattern formation are key in nonlinear systems.
    • Cold atomic gases offer a platform to study these phenomena using laser-dressed Rydberg atoms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate ground-state matter-wave pattern formation in Rydberg-dressed Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs).
    • Explore the combined effects of Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) correction and Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC).

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical investigation of BECs with LHY correction and SOC.
    • Analysis of inter- and intra-specific nonlocal interactions (hard-core and soft-core).

    Main Results:

    • Discovered spontaneous symmetry breaking in plane-wave matter states.
    • Observed diverse self-organized structures: stripes, hexagons, squares, black-eye patterns, and quasi-lattices.
    • Uncovered intriguing structural behaviors due to various interaction types.

    Conclusions:

    • The interplay of LHY correction and SOC induces novel pattern formation in BECs.
    • Findings contribute to optical control of quantum matter.
    • Potential applications in atomic-based information processing.