Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

69.0K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
69.0K
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

44.8K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
44.8K
Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

32.8K
Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
32.8K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

33.7K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
33.7K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

49.0K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
49.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

1.7K
The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Scapular belt for the treatment of comminuted fractures of scapula].

Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology·2010
Same author

Manipulation of ordered nanostructures of protonated polyoxometalate through covalently bonded modification.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2010
Same author

Developments in nonsteroidal antiandrogens targeting the androgen receptor.

ChemMedChem·2010
Same author

Dynamic presentation of immobilized ligands regulated through biomolecular recognition.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2010
Same author

[Research on crop-weed discrimination using a field imaging spectrometer].

Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu·2010
Same author

A palladium/copper bimetallic catalytic system: dramatic improvement for Suzuki-Miyaura-type direct C-H arylation of azoles with arylboronic acids.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.6K

Doughnut-biting photon capturing scheme for drone-based orbital angular momentum quantum key distribution.

Jiahao Li, Hui Han, Jinquan Huang

    Optics Express
    |August 13, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Drone-based quantum key distribution (QKD) uses orbital angular momentum (OAM) for secure communication. A novel "doughnut-biting" scheme enhances transmission distance by over 50%, enabling long-distance free-space quantum networks.

    More Related Videos

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.1K
    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.6K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.6K
    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.1K
    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.6K

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Communication
    • Optics and Photonics
    • Free-Space Optics

    Background:

    • Drone-based quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a flexible method for extending spatial and temporal quantum communication.
    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding in high-dimensional QKD (HD-QKD) enhances communication capacity and robustness.
    • Current drone-based OAM-QKD is limited by the need for large-aperture telescopes due to OAM state-dependent diffraction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and evaluate a novel
    • doughnut-biting
    • photon-capturing scheme for drone-based OAM-QKD.
    • To compare the performance of center-aligned (CA) and center-misaligned (CM) receiving schemes for OAM-encoded QKD.
    • To extend the transmission distance of drone-based OAM-QKD systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Establishment of a mobile air-to-air OAM-encoded QKD model using a drone platform.
    • Comparison of CA and CM receiving schemes based on OAM intensity distribution.
    • Numerical simulations to analyze system performance and transmission distance.

    Main Results:

    • The CA scheme provides simpler targeting and higher information capacity at short distances.
    • The CM scheme extends transmission distance and offers advantages in data rate.
    • The proposed "doughnut-biting" scheme increases transmission distance by at least 50.5% within a 5-20 cm receiving aperture range.

    Conclusions:

    • The "doughnut-biting" scheme significantly enhances the transmission distance for drone-based OAM-QKD.
    • This scheme offers a practical framework for long-distance OAM-encoded QKD in free space.
    • The findings contribute to the development of integrated space-to-ground quantum communication networks.