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    This study introduces a single-photon LiDAR for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), enhancing remote sensing capabilities. An adaptive averaging method significantly improves ranging precision, enabling more accurate 3D mapping.

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    Area of Science:

    • Remote Sensing
    • Geomatics Engineering
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer flexible remote sensing but face payload and power limitations impacting LiDAR performance.
    • Existing LiDAR systems on UAVs struggle with measurement precision and point cloud acquisition rates due to hardware constraints.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a high point cloud rate single-photon LiDAR system for UAVs.
    • To enhance ranging precision on moving platforms using an adaptive averaging method.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a single-photon LiDAR system utilizing a low-power, high-repetition-rate pulsed laser.
    • Implemented an adaptive averaging technique to mitigate precision loss from system response functions on dynamic platforms.
    • Leveraged dense echo points from the single-photon LiDAR for improved ranging accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a significant improvement in ranging precision from 12.4 cm to 2.8 cm for a fixed target and platform using the adaptive averaging method.
    • Demonstrated a 2 to 4 times improvement in ranging precision for various ground targets on a UAV platform.
    • The adaptive averaging method enhanced precision without accounting for UAV attitude variations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed single-photon LiDAR system effectively addresses UAV payload limitations for high-rate point cloud acquisition.
    • The adaptive averaging method substantially boosts ranging precision, making UAV-based LiDAR more reliable for accurate 3D mapping.
    • This technology advances the application of LiDAR in remote sensing for improved geospatial data collection.