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Dwell time and group delays in complex media.

Zi-Ru Geng, Yi-Jie Zhang, Xin-Zhe Zhang

|August 13, 2025

Summary

Electromagnetic wave transmission through complex media reveals new time delays, including an energy loss time, due to dissipation. These findings impact understanding of wave propagation in non-Hermitian and PT-symmetric systems.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Electromagnetism
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Complex media exhibit non-Hermitian and dispersive properties affecting wave propagation.
Traditional wave transmission analysis often assumes lossless or Hermitian media.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze dwell time and group delays for electromagnetic waves in complex, non-Hermitian, and dispersive media.
To introduce and investigate the concept of 'energy loss time' in dissipative systems.
To explore wave tunneling and transmission phenomena in parity-time (PT)-symmetric structures.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of electromagnetic wave transmission and tunneling.
Numerical simulations to investigate wave behavior in complex media.
Examination of dwell time, group delays, and Dicke times.

Main Results:

Dwell time, group delays, and Dicke times are no longer equal in complex media, even in mirror-symmetric structures.
An 'energy loss time' is introduced to account for dissipative effects.
Local energy density does not always correlate with local loss time; energy can be extracted from the environment.
The theory is valid for both superluminal (fast light) and subluminal (slow light) regimes.

Conclusions:

This study bridges a gap in understanding wave propagation through non-Hermitian dispersive media.
The findings are applicable to gain media and PT-symmetric optical systems.
Introduces a new parameter, energy loss time, crucial for analyzing dissipative wave phenomena.