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Robustness of lensless single random phase encoding systems to image sensor pixel size.

Saurabh Goswami, Gokul Krishnan, Bahram Javidi

|August 13, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a method to analyze lensless single random phase encoding (SRPE) systems, finding they are robust to image sensor pixel size variations. This work provides a formula to optimize SRPE systems for accurate signal capture.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Image Processing
Computational Imaging

Background:

Lensless single random phase encoding (SRPE) systems modulate optical fields using diffusers before intensity capture.
Conventional sampling criteria are insufficient for SRPE systems due to inherent high spatial frequencies from diffusers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a procedure for analyzing the robustness of lensless SRPE systems to image sensor pixel size variations.
To establish a theoretical estimate for the maximum sensor pixel size that accurately captures input signal frequencies in lensless SRPE systems.

Main Methods:

Wave propagation analysis to estimate maximum pixel size for accurate intensity pattern capture.
Numerical simulations using angular spectrum propagation and mutual information to verify theoretical estimates.
Development of a closed-form estimate for maximum sensor pixel size based on input frequency and system parameters.

Main Results:

A theoretical estimate for the upper limit of image sensor pixel size was proposed.
Numerical simulations closely matched the theoretical estimates for the sampling criterion.
Lensless SRPE systems demonstrate significantly higher robustness to sensor pixel size compared to lens-based systems.

Conclusions:

The proposed method provides a reliable theoretical estimate for optimizing general-purpose SRPE systems.
Lensless SRPE systems are advantageous for applications with large pixel sizes, such as exotic imagers.
This research is the first to investigate SRPE system sampling concerning input frequency and physical parameters to determine maximum sensor pixel size.