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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Nanotechnology
    • Quantum Electronics
    • Metamaterials

    Background:

    • Subwavelength plasmonic metasurfaces integrated with multiple quantum wells (MQWs) enable efficient nonlinear wave generation.
    • These systems offer potential for compact, tunable, room-temperature terahertz (THz) wave sources via optical pump mixing and down-conversion.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the electrically controllable THz radiation from a nonlinear metasurface loaded with MQW using the difference frequency generation (DFG) process.
    • To demonstrate the electrical tunability of THz beam steering by modulating the nonlinear susceptibility of the MQW.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an analytical formulation using the effective nonlinear susceptibility model and free-space Green's function to derive the THz radiation pattern.
    • Investigated the phase and amplitude modulation of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility coefficient of MQW by applying varying bias voltages.
    • Utilized full-wave analysis to verify the derived far-field directivity pattern of DFG radiation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved electrical control over the THz radiation pattern by varying bias voltages applied to the MQW.
    • Demonstrated THz beam steering, with the radiation pattern rotating from -20 to 20 degrees.
    • Obtained the far-field directivity pattern of DFG radiation at 5.5 THz for a linear array of plasmonic nonlinear metacells.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed analytical method provides an effective tool for designing and analyzing electrically tunable nonlinear metasurfaces.
    • This technology is promising for future THz applications in wireless communications, spectroscopy, and quantum imaging.
    • Electrical control over MQW nonlinear susceptibility enables precise manipulation of THz wave generation and directionality.