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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Improved Bayesian optimization of laser-driven plasma surface high harmonic generation.

Lili Fan, Ziwei Wang, Chenfei Liao

    Optics Express
    |August 13, 2025
    PubMed
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    We optimized plasma surface high-order harmonics generation (SHHG) using an improved Bayesian strategy for a high-quality extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source. This method efficiently enhances EUV applications requiring high coherence and repetition rates.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Plasma Physics
    • Laser-Induced Phenomena

    Background:

    • Plasma surface high-order harmonics generation (SHHG) is a key method for producing high-quality extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources.
    • These EUV sources are crucial for advanced applications like single-shot imaging and EUV absorption spectroscopy.
    • Optimizing SHHG performance is essential for maximizing its utility in these fields.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate an improved Bayesian strategy for optimizing laser-driven SHHG.
    • To overcome limitations of traditional optimization methods in high-dimensional parameter spaces.
    • To enhance the efficiency and robustness of SHHG for generating high-quality coherent EUV sources.

    Main Methods:

    • Initial optimization of SHHG intensity using a traditional Bayesian algorithm in a 2D parameter space.

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  • Development of an improved Bayesian strategy incorporating Latin hypercube sampling and a dynamic acquisition function.
  • Application of the improved strategy to multi-dimensional optimization of harmonic ellipticity and intensity.
  • Main Results:

    • The improved Bayesian optimization approach proved efficient and robust in optimizing SHHG.
    • The strategy successfully converged to a stable condition in multi-dimensional parameter optimization.
    • Demonstrated capability to optimize both harmonic ellipticity and intensity simultaneously.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed improved Bayesian strategy effectively optimizes laser-driven SHHG.
    • This method facilitates the generation of high-quality, coherent EUV sources with high repetition rates.
    • The findings pave the way for broader adoption and advancement of EUV applications.