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Micro- and Nanoplastic Toxicity in Upper Respiratory Tract: A Scoping Review
Jérôme R Lechien1,2,3,4, Mejdeddine Al Barajraji1, Antonino Maniaci1,5
1Department of Surgery, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
The Laryngoscope
|August 13, 2025
Summary
Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) are found in human nasal tissues, with mask-wearing contributing to deposition. While experimental studies suggest potential harm, NMP toxicity in the upper respiratory tract requires further investigation.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health Science
- Toxicology
- Respiratory Medicine
Background:
- Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
- Their presence and potential impact on the upper respiratory tract are increasingly recognized.
- Understanding NMP toxicity is crucial for public health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review existing literature on the toxicity of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) in the upper respiratory tract.
- To identify NMP characteristics, exposure routes, and observed health effects.
- To assess the current evidence for NMP-induced toxicity in nasal tissues.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases.
- PRISMA guidelines were followed for study selection and data extraction by three independent investigators.
- Included studies focused on NMP types, shapes, sizes, environmental exposure, and histological/physiological modifications.
Main Results:
- Twelve studies (10 clinical, 2 experimental) involving 356 subjects were reviewed.
- NMPs were detected in all nasal samples, predominantly as fragments, with mask-wearing associated with fiber deposition.
- Higher NMP concentrations were found in patients with nasal disorders; experimental studies indicated cellular internalization and potential physiological disruption.
Conclusions:
- Nano- and microplastics are present in the nasal tissues and fluids of both exposed and unexposed individuals.
- Mask usage and nasal lavage devices can increase NMP deposition in the nasal cavity.
- While experimental data suggest potential cellular and tissue effects, conclusive evidence for NMP toxicity in the upper respiratory tract is currently lacking and warrants further research.
