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Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

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Defining Femininity: Crowdsourced Insights on Gendered Facial Features Across Ethnicities.

Ishan S Patel, Gabriella E Glassman, Anjali Om

Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum

|August 13, 2025

Summary

Facial feminization surgery is key for male-to-female transition. This study found lips are perceived as most feminine, while jaw angle, larynx, chin, and hairline are most masculine across diverse ethnicities.

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Aesthetic Surgery
Facial Analysis

Background:

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a critical aspect of gender affirmation for male-to-female individuals.
Understanding perceptions of facial masculinity and femininity is essential for tailoring surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify facial features perceived as most masculine or feminine.
To analyze these perceptions across different biological sexes and ethnicities.

Main Methods:

Utilized AI-generated facial photographs of cisgender males and females across five ethnicities (Black, Asian, Oceanic, South Asian, Caucasian).
Surveyed 2566 respondents who rated 11 facial components on a masculinity-to-femininity scale (1-11).

Main Results:

Lips were identified as the most feminine facial feature (mean rating 8.50).
Masculine features included mandibular angle (4.67), laryngeal prominence (4.81), chin (4.94), and hairline (5.17).
Feminine features also included eyes (7.84), orbits (6.74), and cheeks (6.73).

Conclusions:

This research offers significant insights into public perceptions of gendered facial characteristics.
Findings can inform surgical planning in facial feminization procedures to better align with societal aesthetic preferences.