Current trends in breast cancer genetics, risk factors, and screening strategies

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed female malignancy worldwide and one of the primary causes of cancer-related mortality in women. According to the latest the World Health Organization data, it was the most common cancer in 157 out of 185 countries and was culpable for an estimated 670,000 deaths in 2023. With breast cancer incidence continuing to increase, there is a mounting interest in early detection and prevention, with a focus particularly directed on genetic factors, modifiable risk factors, and screening methods.

This review aimed to examine the genetic landscape of breast cancer, the role of risk factors in disease development, and the importance of advancing diagnostic modalities for early detection. A comprehensive search and analysis of peer-reviewed articles and clinical studies from major medical databases were conducted to assess the most recent advancements and discoveries in the field. The literature review identified several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, including genetic predispositions (e.g., BRCA mutations), hormonal influences, lifestyle factors, and reproductive patterns.

By synthesizing current knowledge, this review enhances the understanding of breast cancer's multifactorial nature and provides insights to guide future research on screening strategies and preventive measures.