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Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum Power Transfer

Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Consider a linear AC Thevenin equivalent circuit connected to a load impedance.
The load connected draws the current, and the circuit delivers the power to the load. The alternating current flowing through the load is determined using the rectangular form of voltages, currents, network impedance, and load impedance. The average power delivered to the load is obtained from the product of the square of current and load resistance.

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

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Speech-Controlled Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurface for Real-Time Wireless Power Transfer and Communication.

Lin Dong^1,2, Liming Si^1,2, Yueze Liu³

¹Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Research (Washington, D.C.)

|August 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a speech-controlled reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) for the Internet of Things (IoT). This intelligent metasurface enables dynamic wireless power transfer and communication for moving devices, enhancing IoT capabilities.

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetic Engineering
Wireless Communication
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

The Internet of Things (IoT) faces energy and communication challenges with increasing wireless sensors.
Dynamic wireless power transfer and communication are crucial for IoT applications.
Conventional reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) lack intuitive control and adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a speech-controlled reconfigurable intelligent metasurface (RIS) for dynamic wireless power transfer and communication in IoT.
To enable intuitive human-device interaction for controlling electromagnetic beams.
To shift from passive RIS reconfiguration to active multimodal intelligence.

Main Methods:

Combining speech interaction, low-power RIS control, and a template matching algorithm.
Developing a metasurface with visual and linguistic perception capabilities.
Implementing real-time data communication and wireless power transfer for static and moving targets.

Main Results:

The speech-controlled RIS effectively translates natural-language commands into shaped electromagnetic beams.
Experimental results confirm the system's effectiveness.
The RIS provided a stable DC output exceeding 4.61 V on dynamic targets.

Conclusions:

The proposed speech-controlled RIS offers intuitive human-device interaction for IoT.
It meets the power supply requirements of small sensors, demonstrating strong application potential.
This technology represents a paradigm shift towards intelligent, adaptable wireless systems.