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Perinatal development of structural thalamocortical connectivity.

Stuart Oldham1,2, Sina Mansour L3,4, Gareth Ball1,5

  • 1Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Imaging Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)
|August 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Brain imaging reveals that thalamocortical connections, vital for sensory processing, form early in fetal development along specific spatial gradients. These connections mature throughout gestation, showing remarkable consistency across infants.

Keywords:
connectivitygradientsneurodevelopmentperinatalthalamocorticalthalamus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Thalamocortical connections are essential for sensory relay, motor control, emotion, and cognition.
  • Evidence suggests spatial gradients in thalamocortical organization, potentially linked to developmental timing, but human data is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the early developmental organization of human thalamocortical connections.
  • To characterize spatial gradients and their maturation during early gestation.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion MRI data from 345 infants (29-45 weeks gestational age) were analyzed.
  • Diffusion tractography mapped thalamocortical connectivity.
  • Principal Component Analysis identified shared spatial patterns.

Main Results:

  • A primary anterior/medial to posterior/lateral thalamic gradient and a corresponding rostral-caudal cortical gradient were identified.
  • These patterns were present by 30 weeks' gestational age and refined through gestation, mainly via association cortex connections.
  • Differences between preterm and term infants were minimally related to these primary gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Structural thalamocortical connections are highly conserved and develop early in gestation.
  • Connectivity patterns mature gradually throughout development.
  • These organizational features appear relatively preserved following premature birth.