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Evaluating the Causal Effects of ADHD and Autism on Cardiovascular Diseases and Vice Versa: A Systematic Review and

Piotr Ryszkiewicz1, Barbara Malinowska1, Magdalena Jasińska-Stroschein2

  • 1Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland.

Cells
|August 13, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Genetic links between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increase cardiovascular disease risk, including heart failure and stroke. However, hypertension showed no genetic association with ADHD or ASD.

Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Cardiovascular health
  • Genetic epidemiology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions with significant lifelong impacts.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between ADHD/ASD and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies.
  • To investigate the causal relationships between ADHD and ASD and various cardiovascular outcomes, and vice versa.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of three databases.
  • Evaluation of study quality using the STROBE-MR checklist.
  • Extraction of relevant genetic and cardiovascular data from 14 selected studies.

Main Results:

  • Genetic susceptibility to ADHD was associated with higher risks of coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.
  • Genetic predisposition to ASD was linked to increased likelihood of atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
  • Atrial fibrillation demonstrated a causal relationship with elevated ADHD risk; hypertension showed no genetic association with ADHD or ASD.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic factors link ADHD and ASD to specific cardiovascular diseases, underscoring the need for integrated care.
  • Cardiovascular risk assessment and management are crucial for individuals diagnosed with ADHD and ASD.
  • Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms of these observed causal links.

Keywords:
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderautism spectrum disordercardiovascular diseasesgenetic causalitymendelian randomizationmeta-analysissystematic review

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