Stages of General Anesthesia
General Anesthesia: Overview
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
Published on: July 4, 2018
Siddharth Dave1, Chahat Rana2, Jade L Marshall3
1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
General anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade significantly slows pupillary velocity and reactivity. Quantitative pupillometry (QP) revealed reduced Neurological Pupil Index and altered constriction/dilation speeds, indicating changes in autonomic function.
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