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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Customized Endoscopic Male Forehead/Eyebrow Lift.

Jack E Feist1, Ridhima Guniganti1, Christopher J Compton1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Room 210 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202-1594, USA.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|August 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Customized endoscopic forehead lifts (FEL) are necessary for nearly 20% of men due to unique anatomical challenges. This approach significantly enhances patient satisfaction in male forehead rejuvenation.

Keywords:
Custom forehead and eyebrow liftingDirect eyebrow liftMale endoscopic eyebrow liftMale endoscopic forehead liftUpper face rejuvenation

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Aesthetic Surgery
  • Facial Rejuvenation

Background:

  • Male forehead/eyebrow lift (FEL) presents unique challenges including higher hairlines, thicker skin, and stronger muscles.
  • Standard techniques may not adequately address the specific anatomical considerations in male patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a 20-year experience with customized endoscopic forehead/eyebrow lift (FEL) techniques in male subjects.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and patient satisfaction of tailored endoscopic FEL for male facial rejuvenation.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective chart review of consecutive male subjects undergoing endoscopic FEL between 2007 and 2022.
  • Customization of the endoscopic FEL technique based on hairline, skin thickness, wrinkles, and desired lift magnitude.
  • Analysis of surgical approaches including scalp incisions and fixation techniques for different forehead zones, alongside patient satisfaction scores (VAS).

Main Results:

  • Out of 895 FEL procedures, 107 (13.2%) were performed on males (mean age 47.9).
  • Customized endoscopic FEL was utilized in 21 (19.6%) of male patients, employing specific incisions for different forehead zones.
  • High patient satisfaction was reported, with a mean visual analogue score (VAS) of 97.5.

Conclusions:

  • A significant percentage of male patients (nearly 20%) benefit from customized endoscopic FEL techniques.
  • Tailored endoscopic FEL approaches are effective in addressing male-specific anatomical features, leading to high patient satisfaction.