Sex-Specific Properties of Astrocytes: From Development to Evolutionary Insights

Exploring sex-specific differences in astrocytes has emerged as a vital area of neurobiological research. This research sheds light on how astrocytes in females and males differ in their contribution to neuronal functionality, overall brain health, and various neurological disorders. These cells play a critical role in sustaining homeostasis, providing metabolic support, facilitating neurotransmitter recycling and responding to injuries to the central nervous system. Their physiology exhibits significant variability, which is influenced by factors such as sex, developmental stage, species differences and environmental conditions. This review provides an integrated overview of these factors, addressing key themes including developmental dynamics, aging, signalling mechanisms, glial interactions, responses to pathological states and cross-species comparisons.