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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

178
Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
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Exercise-Induced Symptom Exacerbation and Adverse Events in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Sara Gallow1, Jennifer McGinley, John Olver

  • 1Author Affiliations: Department of Physiotherapy, Epworth Rehabilitation, Richmond, Australia (Ms Gallow, Dr Williams); Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (Ms Gallow, Dr Williams, Dr McGinley); Monash - Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare Richmond, Australia (Dr Olver); and Office for Research, Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Australia (Dr McKenzie).

The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
|August 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and high-level mobility (HLM) exertional testing are safe for individuals recovering from moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). These tests showed low rates of symptom exacerbation and adverse events in the early subacute recovery phase.

Keywords:
brain injuriescardiopulmonarycardiorespiratory fitnessexercise testexercise therapymobility trainingphysical therapy assessmentpost-concussion syndromerehabilitation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) can significantly impact physical and cognitive function.
  • Early rehabilitation is crucial for optimizing recovery outcomes following TBI.
  • Exertional testing can help assess functional capacity but safety concerns exist in the TBI population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and incidence of exercise-induced symptom exacerbation and adverse events during cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and high-level mobility (HLM) testing.
  • To assess these outcomes in the early subacute recovery phase (within 3 months post-injury) after moderate-to-severe TBI.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in an inpatient TBI subacute rehabilitation unit.
  • 150 adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe TBI underwent 205 exertional tests (CRF and/or HLM).
  • Symptom severity was measured using the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom scale pre- and post-testing.

Main Results:

  • Symptom exacerbation occurred in only 0.7% of CRF tests and 1.5% of HLM tests.
  • Symptom improvement was more common, observed in 11.6% of CRF tests and 13.4% of HLM tests.
  • One adverse event (a fall) occurred during HLM testing.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and high-level mobility (HLM) exertional testing are safe interventions in the early subacute recovery phase for individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI.
  • The low incidence of symptom exacerbation and adverse events supports the use of these tests for functional assessment and rehabilitation planning.