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Curcumin Internalization in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: A Confocal Microscopy Analysis.

Rebeca Vieira de Lima1,2, Bruno Pereira de Oliveira2, Francisco Eduardo Gontijo Guimarães2

  • 1Biotechnology Postgraduate Program (PPG Biotec), Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Journal of Biophotonics
|August 13, 2025
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Summary

Curcumin effectively inactivates Streptococcus mutans biofilms using photodynamic inactivation (PDI). This natural photosensitizer demonstrates sustained activity and penetration within complex oral biofilms, offering a promising therapeutic approach.

Keywords:
Streptococcus mutansbiofilmconfocal microscopyoral healthphotosensitizer

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Biomaterials science

Background:

  • Streptococcus mutans biofilms are highly resistant to conventional treatments, posing a significant threat to oral health.
  • Natural photosensitizers have shown limitations in penetrating and acting within complex biofilm structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate curcumin as a photosensitizer for photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
  • To monitor curcumin's internalization dynamics and sustained activity within the biofilm matrix.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of curcumin-mediated PDI in a complex in vitro biofilm model.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing of Streptococcus mutans biofilms for 24 hours.
  • Treatment with curcumin activated by two-photon excitation (800 nm).
  • Confocal microscopy for visualization and quantification of curcumin penetration and biofilm damage.

Main Results:

  • Curcumin demonstrated effective internalization and sustained activity within the 24-hour biofilms post-photodegradation.
  • Continuous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen by curcumin led to bacterial damage.
  • Confocal microscopy confirmed the dynamic efficacy of curcumin in the complex biofilm environment.

Conclusions:

  • Curcumin exhibits dynamic efficacy as a photosensitizer in photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
  • The study highlights curcumin's potential to overcome limitations of natural photosensitizers in complex biofilm treatments.
  • Confocal microscopy is a valuable tool for evaluating biofilm treatment efficacy.