Regulation of transcriptome plasticity by mTOR signaling pathway

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, long recognized for its critical roles in cellular metabolism and growth, is increasingly appreciated for its regulatory impact on the transcriptome. Recent insights into mTOR's regulation of alternative splicing and polyadenylation reveal a sophisticated mechanism by which mTOR influences RNA processing to affect the proteome's diversity and functionality. Here, in this Review, we delve into the multifaceted roles of mTOR in modulating transcriptome plasticity, highlighting its influence beyond traditional functions such as protein synthesis and cell growth. By examining the latest findings, we explore how mTOR-mediated transcriptome plasticity plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation and pathogenesis. Studies indicate that mTOR modulation of RNA processing pathways enables cells to respond dynamically to environmental and metabolic cues, thereby altering protein function and cellular behavior in a context-dependent manner. This capability is crucial for both normal physiological responses and the development of disease. The Review also discusses the implications of these findings for understanding complex biological systems and diseases, particularly cancer, where mTOR's regulation of transcript diversity could drive tumor heterogeneity and treatment resistance. As research continues to uncover the extensive influence of mTOR on RNA processing, it becomes clear that a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the development of targeted therapies and the prediction of their outcomes in clinical settings.