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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Conservation of Small Populations02:04

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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans
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Selection for Short-Nose and Small Size Creates a Behavioural Trade-Off in Dogs.

Borbála Turcsán1,2, Eniko Kubinyi1,2

  • 1Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Brachycephalic (flat-faced) dogs show some positive behaviors, but these are often linked to smaller size and less training, not just head shape. Understanding this complex interplay is key for their welfare.

Keywords:
behaviourbody sizedoghead shapemanagement characteristicswelfare

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Animal Behaviour
  • Morphology

Background:

  • Brachycephalic head shape is linked to canine popularity.
  • The direct link between head shape and behavior is unclear, with potential confounding factors like size and owner practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between dog head shape and behavior.
  • To differentiate effects of head shape from confounding variables like body size and owner practices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized large-scale owner surveys (N=5613) and cephalic index data for 90 breeds.
  • Analyzed eight behavioral variables (personality traits, problems) controlling for 20 demographic/keeping characteristics and body size.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral differences are only partly attributable to head shape; confounding variables play a role.
  • Brachycephalic dogs showed predispositions to calmness and fewer problems, but this was influenced by small body size and limited training experience.

Conclusions:

  • Morphology, behavior, and environment interact complexly in dogs.
  • Training and management are crucial for the behavioral well-being of brachycephalic breeds.
  • Aligning aesthetic preferences with behavioral and welfare outcomes is important for owners, breeders, and welfare professionals.