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Types of Cement I

Types of Cement I

Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...

Types of Cement II

Types of Cement II

Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...

Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Units

Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Units

The process of manufacturing concrete masonry units begins by mixing stiff concrete composed of Portland cement, aggregates, and water. This mixture is then poured into metal molds. To ensure the concrete settles uniformly and to avoid separation of its components, the mixture in the molds is subjected to vibration. Shortly after, the still-wet blocks are removed from the molds and placed on racks.
These wet blocks are then transported for curing, which can occur in one of two environments: a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Published on: September 18, 2018

Novel Cemented Carbide Inserts for Metal Grooving Applications.

Janusz Konstanty¹, Albir Layyous², Łukasz Furtak²

¹Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 14, 2025

Summary

New powder metallurgy (P/M) cemented carbides with PVD coatings were developed for metal grooving. These novel cemented carbides demonstrate improved hardness, toughness, and wear resistance, leading to slightly extended tool life in demanding applications.

Keywords:

cemented carbides grooving inserts powder metallurgy

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Published on: November 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering
Manufacturing Technology

Background:

Cemented carbides, manufactured via powder metallurgy (P/M), have a long history but continuous development is ongoing.
Tool life improvement in metal grooving applications remains a key objective for advanced cutting tools.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and evaluate novel PVD-coated cemented carbides for enhanced performance in grooving steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and aluminum alloys.
To assess the impact of modified tool materials, geometries, and coatings on cutting performance compared to commercial alternatives.

Main Methods:

Development of four new PVD-coated cemented carbide compositions and their manufacturing conditions.
Characterization of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, including density, hardness, toughness, and microstructural analysis of substrates and coatings.
Conducting a series of grooving tests and comparing performance against commercial inserts.

Main Results:

The newly developed grooving inserts exhibit superior microstructural characteristics, high hardness, and enhanced fracture toughness.
The PVD-coated cemented carbides demonstrated significant wear resistance.
Experimental results indicated a slightly longer tool life for the developed inserts compared to commercial ones.

Conclusions:

The novel PVD-coated cemented carbides show promising results for metal grooving applications.
The study confirms the potential for further improvements in tool life through material and coating modifications.
The developed materials offer a competitive alternative to existing commercial grooving inserts.