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Evaluation of Printability, Color Difference, Translucency, and Surface Roughness over Time in a 3D-Printed

Gregory Bennett1, Mark W Beatty1, Bobby Simetich1

  • 1Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Incorporating nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) into 3D-printed denture resins alters surface properties over time. While printability is maintained for weeks, significant changes in roughness and color occur, impacting clinical acceptability.

Keywords:
3D-printingcolor differencedenture base resinsstereolithographysurface roughnesstitanium nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology in Dentistry

Background:

  • Nano-TiO2 particles show promise for enhancing dental prosthetic properties.
  • Limited data exists on the long-term effects of nano-TiO2 in 3D-printed denture base resins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate time-dependent changes in printability and surface properties of 3D-printed denture base resin with nano-TiO2.
  • To assess the impact of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) on material characteristics over repeated printing cycles.

Main Methods:

  • Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (0.4 wt%, 30 nm) were dispersed in denture base resin.
  • Disks were 3D printed weekly using SLA, with printability assessed until failure.
  • Surface roughness (Ra), color difference (ΔEab), and translucency were measured over time.

Main Results:

  • Print failure occurred at 8 weeks; printability was maintained for 7 weeks.
  • Surface roughness (Ra) significantly decreased over time (ρ = -0.733, p = 0.016).
  • Color difference (ΔEab) significantly declined (ρ = -0.976, p < 0.001), exceeding clinical acceptability thresholds.

Conclusions:

  • TiO2 addition significantly altered surface roughness and color in 3D-printed denture resins.
  • The time-dependent changes in material properties were not clinically acceptable.
  • Understanding time-dependent material behavior is crucial for 3D-printed nano-TiO2 dental prosthetics.