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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.

Yu Rin Kim1,2, YunJae Jung3, Insug Kang1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Females are disproportionately affected by autoimmune diseases due to sex-based immune differences. Understanding these sex-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted diagnostics and treatments for conditions like lupus.

Keywords:
Sjögren’s syndromeX chromosome inactivationautoimmune diseasesepigenetic regulationestrogensimmune responsesinflammationsystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases exhibit significant sex disparities, with females more frequently impacted.
  • Sex-based differences in immune responses are increasingly recognized as a major contributor to these disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors contributing to sex-specific immune regulation in autoimmune diseases.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the heightened risk and distinct clinical features of autoimmunity in females.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging evidence on genetic factors (sex chromosomes, microRNAs) and sex hormones.
  • Analysis of environmental influences (infections, microbiota, lifestyle) on sex-dependent immune modulation.
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications and their role in immune gene transcription.

Main Results:

  • Genetic factors, sex hormones, and epigenetic modifications collectively influence immune cell function in a sex-specific manner.
  • Environmental factors further modulate immune responses and disease pathogenesis differently between sexes.
  • These combined factors explain the increased prevalence and unique presentation of autoimmunity in females.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-biased immune regulation is a critical determinant of autoimmune disease risk and presentation.
  • Further research into these sex-specific mechanisms can lead to novel biomarkers and personalized therapies.
  • Developing sex-specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is essential for improving patient outcomes.