Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.8K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.8K
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

112
Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
112
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

119
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
119
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.7K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.7K
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

17.0K
Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
17.0K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

917
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
917

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Spermidine Synthase Gene as a Reporter of Transcription Inhibition in <i>Escherichia coli</i>.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

HR-LCMS/MS-Based Dereplication of Plant-Derived Autophagy Inducers Revealed <i>Astragalus dasyanthus</i> as a New Glabrol Producer.

Metabolites·2026
Same author

Regioselective approach to 5-arylsulfonylisoxazoles and their antimicrobial activity.

Beilstein journal of organic chemistry·2026
Same author

Towards molecular dynamics simulation of membrane-targeting photosensitizing antivirals.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

NMR Unveils Activity Mechanism of Linear Spider Venom Peptide Fragments Selected by Neural Networks Against Staphylococci Including MRSA.

Pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Microfluidics to Meet Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Research Frontier.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same journal

RETRACTED: Kim et al. The Angiogenesis Inhibitor ALS-L1023 from Lemon-Balm Leaves Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Regulating the Visceral Adipose-Tissue Function. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2017, <i>18</i>, 846.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Mahmud et al. Thymoquinone Attenuates NF-κβ Signalling Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Under AMD-Mimicking Conditions. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2025, <i>26</i>, 11473.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Borovikov et al. The Twisting and Untwisting of Actin and Tropomyosin Filaments Are Involved in the Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction, and Their Disruption Can Result in Muscle Disorders. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci</i>. 2025, <i>26</i>, 6705.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Molagoda et al. Flavonoid Glycosides from <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2021, <i>22</i>, 7701.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Guo et al. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Maize Roots Under Lead Stress. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2024, <i>25</i>, 6050.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Chang et al. Improvement of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure by Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Reprogramming Factor c-Myc. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2012, <i>13</i>, 3598-3617.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
13:00

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

2.4K

Membrane-Targeting Antivirals.

Maxim S Krasilnikov1, Vladislav S Denisov1,2, Vladimir A Korshun1

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Membrane-targeting antivirals offer broad-spectrum protection against viruses by disrupting their lipid envelopes or host cell membranes. These compounds are crucial for controlling emerging viral diseases.

Keywords:
broad-spectrum antiviralsenveloped virusesfusion inhibitorshost-targeting antiviralsphotosensitizerssinglet oxygenviral coating and egress

More Related Videos

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

30.4K
Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16
06:03

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16

Published on: July 15, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
13:00

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

2.4K
Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

30.4K
Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16
06:03

Use of Viral Entry Assays and Molecular Docking Analysis for the Identification of Antiviral Candidates against Coxsackievirus A16

Published on: July 15, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Biochemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Enveloped viruses, responsible for many human and animal diseases, possess an outer lipid bilayer derived from host cells.
  • Small molecule antivirals targeting this lipid bilayer present a strategy for broad-spectrum antiviral activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of membrane-targeting antivirals.
  • To highlight the potential of both virion- and host-targeting membrane-active molecules as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on membrane-targeting antivirals.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which antivirals interact with viral envelopes and host cell membranes.

Main Results:

  • Membrane-targeting antivirals can act by physically modulating membrane properties to inhibit fusion.
  • Other mechanisms include direct damage to envelope lipids and proteins, leading to lysis, or photochemical damage.
  • Compounds can also target host cell membranes (ER, Golgi) involved in viral replication and egress.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane-active molecules targeting either virions or host cells are promising for developing broad-spectrum antivirals.
  • A diverse panel of approved antivirals is essential for combating emerging viral threats.