Isorhamnetin: Reviewing Recent Developments in Anticancer Mechanisms and Nanoformulation-Driven Delivery

Area of Science:

• Natural product chemistry
• Pharmacology
• Oncology

Background:

• Flavonoids, including isorhamnetin, are natural compounds with demonstrated anticancer activities and low toxicity.
• Isorhamnetin targets multiple cancer hallmarks, making it a compound of significant research interest.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the anticancer mechanisms of isorhamnetin.
• To explore recent advancements in isorhamnetin research, including nanoformulations and combination therapies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies (2022-2024) on isorhamnetin's anticancer effects.
• Analysis of isorhamnetin's impact on cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Main Results:

• Isorhamnetin inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
• It suppresses metastasis by downregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers.
• Isorhamnetin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, modulating the tumor microenvironment and potentially overcoming multidrug resistance.

Conclusions:

• Isorhamnetin is a versatile anticancer agent with potential as an adjunct therapy in oncology.
• Nanoformulation strategies enhance its delivery and bioavailability, improving therapeutic outcomes.
• Further research into combination therapies and specific signaling pathways is warranted.