Setting Up a "Green" Extraction Protocol for Bioactive Compounds in Buckwheat Husk

Buckwheat, a gluten-free pseudocereal, is rich in dietary fiber, minerals, high-quality proteins, vitamins, and essential amino acids. Buckwheat husk, a by-product of dehulling, contains high levels of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and dietary fibers. This study compares green extraction methods (ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE; and microwave-assisted extraction, MAE) for recovering polyphenols from buckwheat husk. MAE improved polyphenol yield by 43.6% compared to conventional acidified methanol extraction. Structural and chemical analyses of the residual husk material using SEM, FTIR, and fiber analysis revealed that MAE alters husk properties, enhancing polyphenol accessibility. Thus, MAE appears an efficient and sustainable alternative to acid- and solvent-based extraction techniques. Extracts obtained via "green" methods retained strong antioxidant activity and showed significant modulation of inflammatory markers in human Caco-2 cells, highlighting the potential use of "green" buckwheat husk extracts for food and pharma applications. This work supports the valorization of buckwheat husk within a circular economy framework, promoting buckwheat husk as a valuable raw material for bioactive compound recovery in diverse applications.