Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption

Although Zn (II)-(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) complex (Zn-EGCg) is known for its promising bioactivities, little attention has been paid to its incorporation into daily green tea consumption. In this study, we aimed to incorporate Zn (II) into green tea extract to promote the formation of Zn-EGCg complex within the tea matrix. We then investigated how the formation of Zn-complexed green tea extract (Zn-GTE) influences the gut microbiota in a Western diet (WD)-fed mouse model. Structural analyses using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) suggested that Zn (II) interacted with hydroxyl groups of polyphenols within the extract, consistent with Zn-EGCg formation, although the complex could not be unequivocally identified. Under intake levels equivalent to daily consumption, Zn-GTE administration restored WD-induced reductions in alpha-diversity and resulted in a distinct microbial composition compared to treatment with green tea extract (GTE) or Zn alone, as shown by beta-diversity analysis. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis revealed increased abundances of bacterial taxa belonging to o_Clostridiales, o_Bacteroidales, and f_Rikenellaceae, and decreased abundances of g_Akkermansia in the Zn-GTE group compared to the GTE group. These findings highlight that Zn-GTE, prepared via Zn (II) supplementation to green tea, may exert distinct microbiota-modulating effects compared to its individual components. This study provides new insights into the role of dietary metal-polyphenol complexes, offering a food-based platform for studying metal-polyphenol interactions under physiologically relevant conditions.