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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Research and Developments of Heterogeneous Catalytic Technologies.

Milan Králik1, Peter Koóš1, Martin Markovič1

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.

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Summary

This review details a methodology for heterogeneous catalytic technologies (R&D_HeCaTe). It covers catalyst design, deactivation, regeneration, and reactor selection for industrial applications.

Keywords:
heterogeneous catalystkineticsmass and heat transportprocess design

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis is crucial for industrial chemical production.
  • Understanding catalyst-reactant-solvent interactions is key to optimizing performance.
  • Catalyst deactivation and regeneration are significant challenges in process design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive methodology for the research and development of heterogeneous catalytic technologies (R&D_HeCaTe).
  • To emphasize fundamental interactions, deactivation mechanisms, and regeneration strategies.
  • To guide reactor selection based on physicochemical parameters and economic factors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fundamental interactions between reactants, solvents, and catalysts.
  • Investigation of catalyst deactivation mechanisms and regeneration strategies.
  • Application of molecular modeling and chemical engineering analyses (kinetics, transport phenomena).

Main Results:

  • Identified essential role of catalytic centers and support materials in modulating activation energies.
  • Highlighted the importance of molecular modeling and engineering analyses for R&D_HeCaTe.
  • Evaluated reactor configurations (suspension, fixed-bed, microreactors) based on process parameters.

Conclusions:

  • A robust framework for R&D_HeCaTe is proposed, integrating fundamental science with engineering principles.
  • Economic and environmental considerations, including selectivity and separation, are integral to process development.
  • The methodology is applicable to diverse industrial processes like ammonia synthesis and methanol production.