Comparative evaluation of supervised and unsupervised deep learning strategies for denoising hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe...

Reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR images can affect accurate quantification for research and diagnostic evaluations. Thus, this study explores the application of supervised deep learning (DL) denoising, traditional (Trad) and Noise2Noise (N2N) and unsupervised Noise2void (N2V) approaches for ¹²⁹Xe MR imaging.

The DL denoising frameworks were trained and tested on 952 ¹²⁹Xe MRI data sets (421 ventilation, 125 diffusion-weighted, and 406 gas-exchange acquisitions) from healthy subjects and participants with cardiopulmonary conditions and compared with the block matching 3D denoising technique. Evaluation involved mean signal, noise standard deviation (SD), SNR, and sharpness. Ventilation defect percentage (VDP), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), membrane uptake, red blood cell (RBC) transfer, and RBC:Membrane were also evaluated for ventilation, diffusion, and gas-exchange images, respectively.

Denoising methods significantly reduced noise SDs and enhanced SNR (p < 0.05) across all imaging types. Traditional ventilation model (Trad_vent) improved sharpness in ventilation images but underestimated VDP (bias = -1.37%) relative to raw images, whereas N2N_vent overestimated VDP (bias = +1.88%). Block matching 3D and N2V_vent showed minimal VDP bias (≤ 0.35%). Denoising significantly reduced ADC mean and SD (p < 0.05, bias ≤ - 0.63 × 10^-2). The values of Trad_vent and N2N_vent increased mean membrane and RBC (p < 0.001) with no change in RBC:Membrane. Denoising also reduced SDs of all gas-exchange metrics (p < 0.01).

Low SNR may impair the potential of ¹²⁹Xe MRI for clinical diagnosis and lung function assessment. The evaluation of supervised and unsupervised DL denoising methods enhanced ¹²⁹Xe imaging quality, offering promise for improved clinical interpretation and diagnosis.