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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

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The Path to Becoming a Peer Reviewer for Radiology Journals: Recipe for Trainees

Pouria Rouzrokh1, Alfredo Páez-Carpio1, Melina Hosseiny1

  • 1From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University, 20 York St, New Haven, CT 06510, and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.P.C.); Department of Radiology, CDI, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.P.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (A.M.); 2nd Division of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (J.N.); and Department of Radiology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.N.).

Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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