Metabolic pathways for biotransformation of benzalkonium compounds in fungal- and bacteria-based biofilm reactors
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View abstract on PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.Benzalkonium compounds (BACs) are biodegradable in aerobic biofilm systems. Diverse microbial communities and environmental factors influence BAC degradation pathways, impacting risk assessment and bioremediation strategies.
Area Of Science
- Environmental microbiology
- Bioremediation
- Wastewater treatment
Background
- Benzalkonium compounds (BACs) are widely used biocides with high concentrations in manure and wastewater.
- Limited knowledge exists on BAC biodegradation pathways within multi-species biofilm systems.
Purpose Of The Study
- To investigate BAC degradation pathways in three distinct aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems.
- To characterize BAC transformation products and elucidate fragmentation mechanisms.
- To assess the impact of BAC exposure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
Main Methods
- Utilized three aerobic MBBR systems: fungi-inoculated, water, and manure biofilms.
- Characterized BAC transformation products using mass spectrometry.
- Analyzed microbial community composition and abundance of specific ARGs.
Main Results
- BAC degradation pathways varied across MBBR systems, influenced by microbial composition and matrix.
- ω-oxidation and β/α-oxidation were dominant in the water-MBBR, with Rhodococcus abundance increasing.
- Benzyldimethylamine (BDMA) formation occurred exclusively in the manure-MBBR, associated with Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species.
- No significant elevation of tested ARGs (sul1, sul2, qnrD, tetM, tetA) was observed upon BAC exposure.
Conclusions
- BACs are degradable in aerobic biofilm systems through diverse microbial pathways.
- Metabolite profiles suggest complex risks and necessitate tailored bioremediation strategies.
- BAC exposure did not induce the tested ARGs in these experimental systems.
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