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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Overview01:06

Potentiometry: Overview

2.8K
Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
2.8K
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

789
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
789
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

924
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
924
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

270
Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
270
Potentiometric Titration: Overview01:31

Potentiometric Titration: Overview

2.2K
Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...
2.2K
Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

44.1K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than...
44.1K

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Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems
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Fully 3D-printed solid-contact potentiometric sensor for sodium determination.

Sarah Farahani1, Kaylie A McCracken1, Hannah N Medley1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the first fully 3D-printed solid-contact ion-selective electrode for sodium (Na+) sensing. This novel 3D-printed Na+-ISE offers high stability and selectivity for biological fluid analysis.

Keywords:
3D printingElectrochemistryIon-selective electrodePotentiometrySensorsSodium ion

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Multi-analyte Biochip MAB Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes ASSISE for Physiological Research
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Area of Science:

  • Electroanalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Potentiometric sensors, particularly ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), are crucial for analyzing ions in various matrices.
  • Traditional fabrication methods for ISEs can be complex and costly, limiting widespread application.
  • Solid-contact (SC) ISEs offer advantages over traditional liquid-junction designs, but their fabrication often requires specialized techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate the first fully 3D-printed solid-contact ion-selective electrode (3Dp-SC-ISE) for sodium ion (Na+) detection.
  • To explore the utility of 3D-printing technologies in creating advanced electroanalytical devices.
  • To demonstrate the tunability of sensor properties through 3D-printing parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Na+-selective membranes using stereolithography.
  • Construction of carbon-infused polylactic acid transducers via fused-deposition modeling.
  • Characterization of sensor performance, including stability, response linearity, Nernstian behavior, selectivity, and limit of detection.
  • Validation of the sensor's performance in human saliva samples.

Main Results:

  • The developed 3D-printed Na+-ISE exhibited high stability with minimal drift (∼20 μV/hour).
  • The sensor demonstrated a linear and Nernstian response (57.1 mV/decade) for Na+ across physiologically relevant concentrations (240 μM–250 mM).
  • Excellent selectivity for Na+ was observed in the presence of common interfering ions, with a limit of detection of 0.0024 mM.

Conclusions:

  • Fully 3D-printed solid-contact potentiometric sensors are feasible and offer significant advantages in electroanalysis.
  • 3D-printing enables precise control over sensor design and material properties, leading to enhanced performance.
  • This technology facilitates the mass production of low-cost, highly functional ISEs with broad applicability in clinical and environmental monitoring.