Mothers at risk of postpartum depression and its determinants: A perspective from the urban Jharkhand, India

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mental health issue affecting mothers globally, with varying prevalence across different settings. This study aimed to determine the magnitude and identify the risk factors for PPD among urban mothers in Jharkhand using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 postpartum women. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. PPD was assessed using the EPDS, with a score of ≥10 indicating symptoms suggestive of PPD. Various sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychosocial factors were analyzed to determine their association with PPD using descriptive and inferential analyses.

The prevalence of PPD was 18.5% (n = 50). Unmarried and separated women had a higher prevalence of PPD (P < 0.001). Occupation played a role, with daily wage earners exhibiting a greater likelihood of PPD (P = 0.001). Other risk factors included dissatisfaction with living conditions (P < 0.001), lower meal intake (P < 0.001), and reduced sleep (<6 hours) (P < 0.001). Pregnancy-related factors such as unplanned pregnancy (P = 0.047), inadequate antenatal care (ANC) visits (P < 0.001), and complications like premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and fetal growth restrictions (P < 0.001) were also significantly associated. Lack of partner support (P = 0.001), partner addiction (P = 0.010), and a history of antepartum depression (P < 0.001) further increased the risk.

The study highlights a high prevalence of PPD, emphasizing the need for routine mental health screening and psychosocial interventions. Improving ANC, strengthening family and community support, and integrating mental health services into maternal healthcare could help mitigate the burden of PPD.