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Related Concept Videos

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Reliability and Validity

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Related Experiment Video

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Reference Values Derived From The 90+ Study: The Five Times Sit to Stand Test.

Katherine A Colcord1,2, Nikki J Arnold3, Luohua Jiang1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California.

Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (2001)
|August 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New reference values for the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (5XSST) in individuals 90+ years old are now available. These values are crucial for accurately assessing lower extremity strength in the oldest adults.

Keywords:
FTSSTFTSTSnormative dataolder adultsoldest-old

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Physical Therapy
  • Biomedical Statistics

Background:

  • Limited physical performance reference values exist for individuals aged 90 years and older.
  • The Five Times Sit to Stand Test (5XSST) is a key measure of lower extremity strength in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative 5XSST reference values for the oldest-old population (90+ years).
  • To improve the classification and interpretation of 5XSST scores in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of data from The 90+ Study cohort.
  • Collected 5XSST data using both traditional and modified test protocols.
  • Calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles stratified by age, sex, and test type.

Main Results:

  • 972 participants (mean age 93.0 years) completed the 5XSST.
  • Mean traditional 5XSST time was 16.2s (SD 6.3s); modified 5XSST time was 22.6s (SD 9.9s).
  • Older age, modified test, facility living, and fall history were associated with slower times; sex was not significant.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first 5XSST reference values for individuals aged 90+ years.
  • These values are essential for accurate assessment and interpretation of functional strength in the oldest-old.
  • Current reference values from younger populations are suboptimal for this age group.