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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Computational Imaging
    • Wave Optics

    Background:

    • End-to-end (E2E) imaging systems combine optical design with decoding algorithms for enhanced fidelity.
    • Existing E2E systems struggle with wide fields of view due to computational complexity and off-axis aberration modeling.
    • On-aperture encoding elements offer only global wavefront control, limiting performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce an off-aperture diffractive optical element (DOE) design for E2E imaging systems.
    • To enable local wavefront control and overcome limitations of on-aperture designs.
    • To enhance image fidelity and system versatility for wide field-of-view applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Positioning a DOE off-aperture for spatial unmixing and local wavefront control.
    • Utilizing hybrid refractive-diffractive optical systems.
    • Integrating differentiable ray and wave optics modeling for optimization.
    • Experimental validation with physical prototypes.

    Main Results:

    • Off-aperture DOE improved imaging quality by over 5 dB in PSNR at a 45° field of view (FoV) with a simple lens.
    • Outperformed traditional on-aperture systems in image fidelity.
    • Successfully recovered color and depth information at a 28° FoV using compound optics.
    • Demonstrated system versatility and effectiveness through physical prototypes.

    Conclusions:

    • The off-aperture DOE design is a significant advancement for E2E imaging systems.
    • This approach enhances image quality and extends capabilities to wider fields of view.
    • The method offers a versatile solution for applications requiring high-fidelity imaging and depth recovery.