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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics and Metamaterials
    • Applied Physics
    • Wireless Communication Engineering

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces offer unique electromagnetic wave manipulation capabilities.
    • Achieving simultaneous wide-angle control in both transmission and reflection modes presents a significant challenge.
    • Programmable metasurfaces are crucial for next-generation adaptive systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel transmission-reflection integrated programmable metasurface.
    • To achieve quasi-360° phase coverage in reflection and 1-bit phase coding in transmission.
    • To investigate the beam steering capabilities in both reflection and transmission spaces for full-space scanning.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and simulation of a transmission-reflection integrated programmable metasurface.
    • Investigation of zeroth-order Bessel beam steering in reflection mode (10°-30°).
    • Investigation of beam steering in transmission mode (-10° to -30°).

    Main Results:

    • The proposed metasurface demonstrates quasi-360° phase coverage in reflection mode.
    • 1-bit phase coding is achieved in the transmission mode.
    • Full-space beam scanning capabilities are validated through numerical simulations and experimental measurements, showing good consistency.

    Conclusions:

    • The designed programmable metasurface effectively achieves reconfigurable beam steering in both reflection and transmission.
    • The demonstrated full-space scanning capabilities validate the metasurface's potential for advanced wireless systems.
    • This work paves the way for adaptive beamforming, intelligent signal routing, and multifunctional wireless systems.