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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Microorganisms display remarkable adaptations, enabling them to thrive in diverse ecological niches across a wide range of temperatures. Temperature profoundly influences microbial growth by affecting enzymatic activity, membrane fluidity, and other cellular processes.Each microorganism operates within a specific temperature range defined by three cardinal points: minimum, optimum, and maximum. Below the minimum temperature, membranes lose fluidity, halting transport processes. Above the...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Isolation of Giant Lampbrush Chromosomes from Living Oocytes of Frogs and Salamanders
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Genome Composition Predicts Physiological Responses to Temperature in Polyploid Salamanders.

Isabella J Burger, Michael Itgen, Lynn Tan

    The American Naturalist
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    PubMed
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    Genomic composition in hybrid species influences their physiological performance and acclimation capacity. Multitrait analyses reveal trade-offs between water loss resistance and metabolic rate, crucial for predicting species responses to environmental change.

    Keywords:
    metabolismmitonuclear mismatchrespiration efficiency ratiototal resistance to water lossunisexual

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Physiological Ecology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Hybridization in species complexes can lead to genomic-environment mismatches, potentially affecting hybrid fitness.
    • Understanding the physiological consequences of genomic composition is vital for predicting species adaptability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the physiological performance and acclimation capacity of metabolic rate and water loss resistance in sexual and unisexual *Ambystoma* species.
    • To determine how subgenomic composition influences physiology in unisexual lineages.

    Main Methods:

    • Multitrait analyses were employed to compare metabolic rate (V̇CO2) and total resistance to water loss (rT).
    • Unisexual lineages were categorized by biotype to assess variations in physiology linked to genomic makeup.

    Main Results:

    • Unisexual biotypes displayed phenotypes more aligned with their sexual relatives.
    • A trade-off was observed between rT and V̇CO2, where increased rT correlated with decreased V̇CO2.
    • No direct evidence of mitonuclear DNA mismatch impacting physiology was found.

    Conclusions:

    • Genomic composition, rather than mitonuclear mismatch, appears to be a key predictor of hybrid trait performance.
    • Multitrait analyses are essential for understanding phenotypic diversity and its role in species' environmental adaptation.