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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

ACT1-CUP1 Assays Determine the Substrate-Specific Sensitivities of Spliceosomal Mutants in Budding Yeast
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AMPylation Regulates 5'-3' Exonuclease PLD3 Processing.

Laura Hoffmann1, Eva-Maria Eckl2, Marleen Bérouti2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP
|August 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) AMPylation, regulated by FICD, is crucial for its activity and processing. Altered PLD3 regulation in Parkinson

Keywords:
AMPylationPLD3chemical proteomicsneurodegenerative diseaseprotein post-translational modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) is a 5'-3' exonuclease involved in immune responses and neuronal health.
  • PLD3 undergoes post-translational modifications (PTMs) including N-glycosylation, AMPylation, and proteolytic cleavage.
  • Its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known, but regulatory mechanisms and functions in immune and neuronal cells are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional implications of PLD3 AMPylation and its interaction with FICD.
  • To examine changes in PLD3 processing in Parkinson's disease (PD) patient-derived neurons.
  • To elucidate the role of AMPylation in PLD3 activation, catalytic activity, and cellular localization.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of PLD3 AMPylation sites.
  • Mutation of AMPylation sites to assess impact on PLD3 activation and activity.
  • Overexpression of FICD to study its effect on PLD3 degradation and cellular stress.
  • Analysis of PLD3 regulation in PD patient-derived neurons.

Main Results:

  • PLD3 AMPylation sites were identified in the soluble region, and their mutation impaired PLD3 activation and catalytic activity.
  • FICD overexpression accelerated PLD3 degradation and induced cellular stress.
  • PLD3 regulation was altered in PD-derived neurons compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions:

  • AMPylation critically regulates PLD3 processing and catalytic activity.
  • Findings provide insights into PLD3 transport and lysosomal localization.
  • Altered PLD3 regulation in PD highlights its role in neurodegenerative diseases.