Redefining Endovascular Boundaries: A Systematic Review of Physician-Modified Endovascular Grafts in Zone 2 Thoracic...

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) offers a less invasive alternative to open surgery for aortic pathologies, but zone 2 repair remains complex due to the need for secure landing zones and preservation of the left subclavian artery (LSA). Physician-modified endovascular grafts (PMEGs) have emerged as flexible and rapid solution in both elective and emergency settings. This systematic review evaluates the technical success, clinical outcomes, and safety profile of PMEGs in zone 2 TEVAR.

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in scientific databases. Studies evaluating the use of PMEGs in zone 2 TEVAR were included. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Fourteen studies were included. PMEGs achieved high technical success rates ranging from 83.3% to 100%, with LSA patency rates exceeding 94% and low 30-day mortality (2.9-10%), primarily in emergency cases. Stroke occurred in 2-6% of patients, whereas spinal cord ischemia (SCI) was reported in ≤ 2% of cases. Type Ia and III endoleaks were uncommon, with most being managed conservatively or via endovascular reintervention. Mid-term follow-up (12-49 months) demonstrated excellent device stability, with no reports of graft migration or fracture and minimal need for reintervention. PMEGs performed favorably compared to hybrid and open approaches, particularly in urgent or anatomically complex zone 2 TEVAR.

PMEGs are viable and effective alternatives for zone 2 TEVAR, offering high technical success, low complication rates, and promising mid-term durability. Further long-term studies are needed to optimize their role in aortic arch repair.