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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

421
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

471
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Corrosion02:49

Corrosion

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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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A ligand oxidation structure-adaptive strategy for copper passivation.

Liu He1,2, Jingwen Huang1,2, Wenzhen Zheng1

  • 1College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.

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|August 15, 2025
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New ligands offer environmentally-adaptive copper passivation, preserving conductivity and enhancing corrosion resistance in harsh conditions. This simple, room-temperature method protects copper for electronics and industry.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Corrosion Science

Background:

  • Copper corrosion causes significant economic losses across industries and degrades semiconductor device performance.
  • Existing copper protection methods often fall short in diverse and harsh environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an environmentally-adaptive copper passivation technique that preserves intrinsic material properties.
  • To enhance copper's corrosion resistance in various challenging environments.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized ligands functionalized with both catechol and aromatic amine groups.
  • Adsorbed ligands onto various copper-based materials (copper, brass, copper powder, flexible printed circuits, copper inks).
  • Tested corrosion resistance under alkali, salt solutions, thermal treatment, UV, and oxygen-enriched conditions.

Main Results:

  • Ligands achieved environmentally-adaptive copper passivation, maintaining electrical and thermal conductivity.
  • Ligand oxidation in corrosive environments led to structure-adaptive passivation layers, improving resistance.
  • Effective anticorrosion performance demonstrated on diverse copper substrates against liquid and air exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ligand-based passivation offers robust, environmentally-adaptive protection for copper and its alloys.
  • The room-temperature soaking procedure indicates high industrialization potential, especially for semiconductor and flexible electronics.
  • This technique provides a scalable solution to mitigate copper corrosion and its associated economic and performance impacts.