Synergetic catalysis methods for sustainable wastewater treatment

The global water crisis, driven by the increment in agriculture, industrialization, and population growth, necessitates advanced solutions for sustainable water management. Among these, the reuse and recycling of wastewater emerge as viable strategies for mitigating water scarcity. However, the persistent contamination of water streams by untreated dyes and organic pollutants demands the need for innovative treatment methods. This review discusses advanced catalytic techniques, including photocatalysis, piezocatalysis, pyrocatalysis, sonocatalysis, and tribocatalysis, as well as their synergistic counterparts. Synergetic approaches, such as photo-piezocatalysis, sono-photocatalysis, pyro-photocatalysis, photo-tribocatalysis, piezo-pyrocatalysis, photo-piezo-pyrocatalysis, and sono-piezo-photocatalysis, are highlighted for their ability to achieve higher pollutant removal rates within shorter timeframes compared to individual methods. Particular focus is placed on ferroelectric materials, whose spontaneous electric polarization under external fields enhances catalytic activity. Additionally, this paper explores the coupling of photocatalysis with advanced oxidation processes, such as ultrasound-assisted methods, as transformative tools for water purification. The techno-economic and the general SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the catalysis techniques have been discussed for environmental remediation. By summarizing recent advancements, mechanisms, and experimental parameters such as pollutant concentration, light source, and irradiation time, this review acts as a comprehensive guide for scientists in the field of wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.