From lab to clinic: Advancing aptamer-based biosensors for steroid hormone detection across human biofluids

Steroid hormones are critical regulators of physiological processes. However, their detection in human biofluids remains challenging due to structural similarities and matrix complexities. Although traditional methods, like immunoassays and chromatography are widely used, they are limited by high costs, lengthy procedures, and inadequate sensitivity for trace detection. This review systematically examines recent advancements in aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) for steroid hormone detection across various human biofluids. Studies are categorized by biofluid type, target hormone, and detection mechanism - including electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, and optical platforms - while emphasizing the unique designs and innovative strategies behind each aptasensor. Additionally, we summarize current approaches to enhancing the anti-fouling property of aptasensors, which is a critical factor in maintaining sensor performance in complex biological environments. We also discuss progress in translating these technologies into healthcare applications, identify persistent challenges, and outline future directions for aptasensor development. By bridging technological innovation with clinical needs, this work provides a comprehensive roadmap for advancing aptasensors from laboratory research to practical diagnostic tools.